Thursday, March 31, 2011

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CURIOSITIES OF HISTORY: ON PHOTOSHOP, REICHSTAG PHOTO AND MOLOTOV COCKTAIL

If you want to know more about the famous photograph that appears rigged in a Soviet soldier fluttering flag of the USSR in the roof of the Reichstag, Click Here . As to why are so-called Molotov cocktails, actually has to do with the war between the USSR and Finland. As enshrined in the Wikipedia:
His name is because it is used in the Russian War - Finnish and in Vyacheslav Molotov that time (foreign minister of the Soviet Union during the Second World War) communicated by radio to the Finnish population during the war, the Russian army was not shelling but sending food to this, the Finnish army said that since that "Molotov put the food, they would put the cocktails." Was very successful as anti-tank weapon, and it was terrifying for the morale of enemy troops. It has been used mainly in urban conflicts, given their ease of preparation and low cost. It is also used in several protests in several countries against riot police.

Monday, March 28, 2011

11 Days Late And Clear Discharge

Landscape Architecture functionalist Jean-Claes Canneel




Canneel Jean-Claes (1909-1989)
know the work of Jean Canneel-Claes, Belgian landscape architect, is essential due to strong place it occupies in the emergence of the modern movement landscaping. It is an intellectual who identifies with contemporary ideas being put into practice the functionalism in landscape architecture. Imbert Dorothe positions it as "an important figure in the confluence of art, architecture and urbanism in the twentieth century as it opens new avenues for understanding the relationship of modernity to the gardens, nature, and the city. "
Canneel had a unique voice in the Belgian landscape architecture was echoed in the opinion of Christopher Tunnard in England. After the first International Congress of Landscape Architects, held in Paris in 1937, drawn with Christopher Tunnard, a manifesto for the landscape design that examined the role of landscape modern and promoted the cause of the modern landscape across Europe to the twentieth century. The proclamation was called A Manifesto for Landscape Modernity, ( A Manifesto for Landscape Modernity ). The manifesto AIAJM called the exchange of ideas among garden designers of all nationalities and their collaboration with architects, planners and artists. The letters correspond to the Association Internationale des Architectes Modernist Jardins, who founded following the conference. The World War II prevented realize the ideals of the association of the developed countries. However ambition to position the Canneel profession of landscape architecture in the world of contemporary design was reflected in the founding of the International Federation Landscape Architects (IFLA) after a decade.
was the first landscape architect to graduate from the School of Decorative Arts de La Cambre in 1931, where he also studied urban planning and architecture. La Cambre (Belgium was the equivalent of the Bauhaus). Since its inception raised and actively promotes the connection between home, garden, and the city. Throughout the 1930's was honing his point of view of a modern garden, democratic and productive while working with the architects of the movement Luis de Koninck Belgian and Huib Hoste. Through his theoretical positions and innovative designs intended to level the emerging profession of landscape architecture with architecture and urbanism. At the same time demonstrates its potential to meet the needs of modern society.
expanded his formal language for gardens with its proposed public landscape in the exhibition Water 1939 in Liège. During the German occupation, he joined the planning section of the Agency for the Restoration of the Nation, where he helped rebuild the cities. He applied his theory of functional garden the reconstruction of postwar designs of cemeteries, sports fields and city squares. He emigrated to the Belgian Congo in 1950, for some years, for work as a planner.
Extremely dedicated to connecting the garden design to architecture, was commissioned to design his own house, in Auderghem (1931), to Le Corbusier and collaborated with leading architects of the modern, like the Belgians, Louis Herman De Koninck, defining a final design , Huib Hoste and Victor Bourgeois.



Photo Book Garden in twentieth century architecture . Written by Darío Álvarez Álvarez
The house was conceptualized to reach out the south, facing garden "functionalist" of Canneel. The result of this cooperation between these prestigious architects Canneel and is a work visually and functionally balanced. interior volumes defined by a visual and spatial composition implicitly guarantees the enjoyment of "outdoor rooms" that allow sun exposure, leisure, and exercise. In the 30's Canneel proposed paving system with modular components, a sandbox, a wading pool, flower and vegetable beds, fruit trees, lawn sunbathing and adjusted to customer requirements and site characteristics. These concepts are also proposed and implemented by Thus the van de Putte (1932), Danhier (1933), Fouarge (1935), and Heeremans (1937), whose gardens reflect the contemporary aesthetic. Met the requirements of "modern life" with minimal cost and low maintenance, and expressed concern about the views, topography, and vegetation. Seeing the garden as part of a larger design environment, Canneel expanded the scale of their operations to urban green areas and planning cities.




In the book "In Between Garden and City", Imbert Dorothe explores the career of the Belgian landscape architect. examines the social and aesthetic and theoretical influences that shaped Canneel work. One of the great pioneers of the landscape modern leaves a lasting legacy in the history of the discipline.

Some sources consulted:
The garden century architecture XX: Written by Darío Álvarez Álvarez

Saturday, March 26, 2011

Really Hard Cervix 5 Days Before Period?

biography of Stalin (duties for Monday, April 4)

This documentary is a biography of Stalin. It's a little biased in my opinion (as an anecdote, one of the interviewees is Condoleezza Rice, the secretary of state dessert of one George Bush, both have not exactly to my liking) but serves to give an overview of a life that ran from the fight underground to the most absolute power, or at least includes many images of the time. Visiona documentary and leave your answers to these questions as a comment in blog (no need to copy the statements, you can use dashes) :
  1. Where was Stalin? How did your family background?
  2. What was the nickname "Stalin"?
  3. According to Lenin, who was the protagonist in the February Revolution of 1917?
  4. How was Stalin's participation in the October Revolution of 1917?
  5. What were the first two important positions he held? How
  6. ousted Trotsky?
  7. What did the kulaks who refused to collectivization?
  8. How many deaths caused famine in Ukraine?
  9. What was the education and information coming to Soviet citizens at the time of Stalin?
  10. What was the view of Trotsky on the Moscow Trials?
  11. What happened in August 1939?
  12. What about Eastern Europe when the Soviets drove them away to the Nazis?
  13. Who was Nikita Khrushchev? What did in 1956?
  14. Who was Gorbachev?

Wednesday, March 23, 2011

How To Make Your Voice Sound Sweeter And Warmer

Lawrence Halprin (1916-2009)


Mounds Halprin, is a Lawrence Halprin park in Portland. It highlights the use of a set of abstract forms, the land is used to create mounds, trees are vertical emphasis that stand as a contrast. It definitely is like an abstract sculpture with landscape materials.


Lawrence Halprin

this is recognized landscape architect as one of the highlights of the modern era because it had their own stamp on the peculiar way of thinking and connect with the outdoors. Very attentive to the human scale and user experience to live and enjoy the view proposed. He was aware that each design had a social impact and had a priority user needs. "His philosophy led him to put space landscapes available to all segments of society. " (1)
landscape architect, theorist and teacher, Lawrence Halprin was born in New York in 1916, grew up in Brooklyn. After graduating from high school lived for three years in a kibbutz in Israel. In 1935 he began his studies at Cornell University in Plant Sciences. Then continued his advanced studies at the University of Wisconsin where he received a Master of Science in Horticulture in 1941. While living in Wisconsin, frequently visited Taliesin East , home study Frank Lloyd Wright and decided to study architecture focusing on the landscape. He studied landscape architecture at Harvard under the tutelage of Walter Gropius and Christopher Tunnard where he graduated in 1942 with a degree in landscape architecture. Apprenticed to Thomas Church , the leading architect who developed the concept of contemporary California garden . Halprin opened his own office in 1949.
S and married Ana Schuman, a student dance avant-garde whose work was able to play a significant role in Halprin's ideas about movement in the landscape, and their new graphic techniques to represent the experience of the landscape. His proposal "the choreography of Gardens", explores the relationship between the "movement" and landscape architecture. Writing in 1949 , often called his designs as "choreography" and said that a garden is like "the fine sense of the dance." studied for a long time for people to "move" in public spaces and coined the word "motation" (movement and notation) to describe its path of movement through space with a notation system that some say look like hieroglyphics, or even a type of music. Halprin projected his work from his care and respect for human scale, user experience, and social impact they could have their designs.
As Halprin wrote in 1981:
"Space is the choreography for movement with silent nodes and contemplation, action and inaction, hard and soft, Yin and Yang. "
He considered the design process as important as the final result for this design methodology developed in including client participation. The final presentation included models and the images that were required.




Lawrence Halprin: The Choreography of Gardens

In the mid 60's, after several trips to Europe, Lawrence Halprin and Associates were known more for urban projects by the developers in suburban areas such as design and construction of Ghirardelli Square (1962 -1968) and Embarcedero Plaza (1962-1972), both in San Francisco, Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis (1962-1967); Central Park Square, Springfield, Missouri (1969-70), four of the public spaces of Portland: Lovejoy Plaza, Pettigrove Park, Auditorium Forecourt and the Transit Mall (1965-1978), and Freeway Park, Seattle ( 1970-1974). Since 1976, Sue was a member of Li Yung Ikeda.

Ira Keller Fountain designed by Lawrence Halprin

These projects, where he reaffirmed the role of landscape architect in the regeneration of American cities, made the social spaces and pedestrian were vital in places that were previously marginal industrial complexes such as historical or spaces on or under highways. Doing so, re-imagined a public domain of American cities that had been cleared by federal urban renewal programs and yet abandoned for new suburban developments.
One of his flagship is a monument dedicated to former U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Roosevelt Memorial is a memorial dedicated to both the presidential figure as to the time he represented. It has an area of \u200b\u200b30,000 square meters.
was a prolific career throughout his life, was a leading landscape planning environment that was always at the forefront of innovation in urban design in the United States. Her practice includes an innovative environmental design catalog urban projects that are within National Parks. His reputation is based on ongoing work of more than fifty years to expand expectations of the landscape in the field of environment. Halprin garnered numerous awards including the Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture and the National Medal of Arts as a tribute to the President of the United States .

Tuesday, March 22, 2011

Implant Bleeding Clean Blood Or Blood With Tissue

CALIFORNIA STYLE OF GARDEN DESIGN

The Donnell Garden - Thomas Church
http://landscapeandurbanism.blogspot.com/2008/02/profession-on-rise-landscapes-at-risk.html

In the United States of America landscape designers began to become more aware of the artistic possibilities of the composition of outer space and the social responsibility inherent in this profession, among other ideas inspired by the avant garde European thought. A change of attitude to traditional forms of landscape design occurred in the early twentieth century. Two different directions emerged as an approach to design, but they could get to come together, more artistic creativity and a conscious notion of the functional. This involved a more consistent search for ways to make landscape were also consistent with the new forms of art, architecture and especially with the ecology of the area in which each project is located.
The designers also showed a growing concern for the social needs of the people and the community. In the late 30's the first steps to incorporate into a landscape architecture emerge strongly interdisciplinary approach. This led to a movement to devise regional planning and environmental design.


Eckbo, Royston, Dean, Williams in the early 50's
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eckbo, _Royston, _Dean, _Williams_early_1950's. Jpg
Many of the proponents of these new ways to expand the vision of the landscape was (limited to a creator of gardens) were mostly in California, including Thomas Church, Lawrence Halprin , Garret Eckbo, Robert Royston and others. Church, Eckbo, and Royston introduced innovative and fluid in their design, closer to the first manifestations artistic avant-garde of the early decades of the twentieth century. The designs were based on criteria such as geometry simple but effective, low maintenance, using a small amount of plant material but with very aesthetic, proposed especially native plants and more specifically the plants acclimated to California. A strong relationship was developing between the outdoor space and the interior, so planning became a process, often more family oriented.
allied Lawrence Halprin landscape architecture environmental design, particularly in the urban context, redesigning the city streets, transportation systems and proposed regulations on land use. His book Cities, published in 1963, reveals the degree Halprin commitment to urban design. The domain of landscape architecture extended to planning and environmental conservation. Reaffirmed his work, the landscape architect's role in the regeneration of American cities. Proposed ideas for social and pedestrian spaces were sites with vitality, rescues the public space of marginality.
California Style Principles of Garden Design
is governed by three principles : Functional (place to live and depending on customer requirements), empathic (the environment) and artistic (The term of a space system that turned a simple task in an art activity)

The garden was seen as the space interaction between people and place.

continuity between interior and exterior to reflect the California lifestyle.

comprehensive theory of landscape ecological environment and so serve as an integrating element between the built and the jungle.

The design must overcome the dichotomy between the formal and informal to develop a new vocabulary that would achieve "an organic form in a humanized landscape."

Its grammar comprising rectangular shapes, circular or compound in groups orthogonal or oblique, as well as free curves taken from natural forms of landscape.

designs were made to have a low maintenance, with a simple use of materials and plants acclimated to the context of California.

This movement is limited to California, actually extends throughout North America first, and then the rest of America is one of the new trends of Modern Landscape Architecture . The rich possibilities of design, redefining the scope of the profession, the fact that the landscape is a figure on it is essential in interdisciplinary teams that address urban planning and landscape protection, would be the factors that make the movement modern landscape achieve true importance. It is in America where this movement gained greater continuity and consistency and we owe part of this success to the California landscape .

Monday, March 21, 2011

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The Tirrá, Ulmus

Photo Guillermo Chaves.


Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planch.
Kingdom: Plantae
Filo: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida (Dec.)
Order: Rosales
Family: Ulmaceae
Genus: Ulmus
Species: U. Mexican
Common names: Tirrá, elm, wild cherry.

Its scientific name has Abbreviations (Liebm.) by Frederik Michael Liebmann (1813 - 1856) Danish botanist. Planch. is in honor of Jules Émile Planchon (1823-1888) was a French botanist born in the Ganges, Hérault. (1)

Photo Guillermo Chaves.


Description:

is a large deciduous tree that is endemic to Mexico and Central America , is also known as the American elm because it is the only species of elm native to this region. This elm can form large populations that protect streams in the central region of Costa Rica, also in the Valley Reventazón and Cordillera de Talamanca Range and Tilarán . The species shown in the photo is in the Cerros de Escazú .

In Celtic mythology , elms representing the deities responsible for protecting rivers, lakes and wells. The trees are venerated since the Stone Age by the benefits to humans and the environment. grow abundantly in the gallery forests and the hills creeks. (2)

is a tree in Costa Rica grows in moist pre-montane forests and montane with an annual rainfall between 2500 and 4000 mm. It lies between 600 and 2000 m. elevation. (3)

is a tree that stands out for this beautiful light green foliage of a glossy, photo Guillermo Chaves.


Tree up to 35 m. tall and 1 m. diameter. The crown is irregular, open and compact with spreading branches. Completely lose foliage at the beginning of the dry season and the coated produce new leaves of a lime-green hue. Its leaves are simple, alternate, lanceolate or oval with serrated edges, large 5 to 10 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide. The flowers are between December and February and fruits in February and March. Its flowers are grouped together, usually in defoliated branches in small clusters or groups of umbels, yellowish green.
has been exploited for its hard wood is used in construction, particularly for tablet Tabloncillo wall and should be used on floors. Natural regeneration is poor, and the Central Valley, to be a common species today virtually unknown to most of the population.
Costa Rica in the name of the district Tirrases Canton Curridabat , Province of San Jose, is derived from the tree called TIRR huetares by Indians.
A very good description of the phenology and reproduction at this address: http://www.tec.cr/sitios/Docencia/forestal/Revista_Kuru/anteriores/anterior16/pdf/solucion% 203.pdf

Thursday, March 17, 2011

Wrestling Singlet Outlet

Mexican Modern Movement in Landscape Architecture CITY

"Glass House, Mies icon and architectural minimalism, is perhaps the best example of conceptual architecture. This book is the paradigm which is based a large part of modern and contemporary architecture." (Note same address). Note landscape design criteria, fully consistent with the austere lines and expression transparent and free from inside the building.


The international modern garden resulted from a redefinition of the theory of art that not only visualized unity among the arts, but who believed in the creative potential of analytical thinking to solve "aesthetic and functional problems" . (1)
In the United States expressed with much vigor the influence of European architects who emigrated to this country before and after World War II . The name International Style began to spread in the United States after the modern architecture exhibition held in 1932 in the Museum of Modern Art in New York . The exhibition and the book he wrote Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson " The International Style: Architecture since 1922 " showed the work of Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. The book and exhibition demanded the modern architecture, which as of this writing he called "international style" against the hegemony of Art Deco.
The development of "international style" in landscape architecture was parallel to the development of the architecture of buildings, Mies , Neutra , Schindler and Saarinen, would extend the same standards of design in the gardens and surroundings of buildings, with new geometry values, technical and space. But it was the American landscape for a new generation that formed the new principles, who believed that the best of contemporary architecture should be closely related to a consistent landscaping and the same level. Designers like Christopher Tunnard , James Rose , Garret Eckbo , R. Royson , E. Williams or Dan Kiley defended his philosophy of design based on creating space for outdoor life and integration of home and garden , obviously in the residential scale. These were the pioneers of modernism that were really notable exceptions. Another of the best known are Fletcher Steele, Roberto Burle Marx, Lanning Roper, Lawrence Halprin and Thomas Church. It is in America where the modern movement became more continuity and consistency, with implications for Latin America .


Fields Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in St. Louis, Missouri, designed by Dan Kiley
On a larger scale, the CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture, held de1928-1959 ), advocated for urban design strategies based on human proportions and in support of the four basic functions of human settlements: housing, work, play, and transportation. As seen in previous cases, European designers influenced the development of the International Modern Style in the United States with the formation of designers who learned about los jardines europeos y la jardinería en los libros. Serían fundamentales los viajes de los diseñadores paisajistas a ciudades del Viejo Mundo, que veían con mucho interés los nuevos rumbos que dictaba en arte en el diseño. El Paisajismo Moderno tiene como características un diseño complejo creado por espacios visuales arquitectónicos, con una mayor diversidad de influencias, incluidos los jardines asiáticos y el arte moderno. Podemos apreciar que algunos arquitectos intervienen el paisaje con “líneas de diseño modernas” , líneas rectas, planos inclinados o en múltiples niveles, los componentes naturales se vieron limitados a estos espacios acotados civil works, items such as waterfalls were integrated into the regular issues. trees were planted in large pots or in pure form in the pavement.
The new generation of American landscape took the early lead functionalism doctrine could be summarized in the top "fit for purpose" . That is, what is done in order to suit your purposes? This gives rise to a more simple and clear planning, and avoids the trappings of material things not fit for purpose. These designers began to become more aware of the artistic possibilities of the composition of space and its social responsibility and is best expressed in the work of the landscape that created the California Style Garden Design other manifestations of the modern movement that would spread so overwhelming in America. The strength of the movement was such that according Jane Brown (one of the most important stories on landscaping of the modern era) "is in America where modern garden reached its real importance "and" where l ogre, both in theory and in practice, high levels of environmental empathy, flexibility, maintenance and economy of means. "

Saturday, March 12, 2011

Treatment Of Prolapsed Uterus In Dogs

NOTE: FAILURE


In question number 19 (19.Explica the starting position of the empire Russian. (P. 99)), instead of page 99, page 98.


Friday, March 11, 2011

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FUNCTIONAL AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Le Corbusier - Paris Plan Voisin

The domain of architecture in much of the twentieth century by the functionalism can not be extrapolate to the landscape , although one might have expected, given its close relationship between these two disciplines. The functionalism not begin as a tendency of art but as a set of aesthetic principles attached to rationalism and other avant-garde movements. The functionalism fails to develop with real strength in the design, architecture, landscaping although unable to conceptualize a good landscape, (with some exceptions as described in this blog, http:/ / paisajimopueblosyjardines.blogspot.com/2011/03/la-arquitectura-de-paisaje.html ) and could not overcome the rigidity resulting in many buildings functionalist and International Style , emerged in Europe. At most, only architects are able to consider a "outer space" around "functional architecture" imposed as the only player possible.
However
CIAM (International Congresses of Modern Architecture), described below, we propose a very strong set of criteria to create a more green city for all citizens, with more clean air light, within the scope of a new urban planning.

"The function of define the architectural form, "was a principle applied to the design and architecture (with a few good exceptions); landscaping was a large space " unimpeded ", including trees, rather promoted real off with the built landscape.
The architectural rationalism, is the purification of saturated, leaving only the essential, practical and functional for every situation and believe that a bare space was ideal for this architecture. In the architecture is reflected in a renewed conception of space conformation and functional architecture supported by reasons, "meaning is use '. The function is set to clear and try to get the image from it. These ideas were also consistent with the ideals of the avant-garde of the early twentieth century and infuse a strong spatial concepts geometric abstraction , sticking very much; designs strictly rational and Cartesian configuration unadorned, naked and asymmetrical.
The Rationalist movement adopts resolutely functionalist theories. Henceforth the rationalism and functionalism are two adjectives that are juxtaposed and their foundations can be assigned to the design, architecture, urbanism and landscape design of the modern movement. In Europe true force begins with a movement led by the distinguished architect Le Corbusier , one of the most renowned architects of the times, and other intellectuals who set out to leave a legacy through CIAM (International Congress Modern Architecture) in terms of modernization, construction techniques, and new forms which would be applied to today.

Training and Membership: The CIAM, is founded in June 1928 in the castle Sarraz in Switzerland by a group of 28 European architects organized by Le Corbusier, Hélène de Mandrot (owner of the castle), and Sigfried Giedion (the first secretary general).
The CIAM was founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1959. Was a forum created by a new organization intended to discuss modern architecture, urbanism, and what was happening in cities, especially in the war. The organization went to organize a series of meetings to establish the architectural principles of the modern movement and to improve the world through the planning and design of buildings, as the CIAM perceived architecture as a political and economic tool.

Le Corbusier, one of the architects renowned main ideologue of CIAM .

CIAM CONFERENCE
1928, CIAM I, The Sarraz, Switzerland.
Foundation
CIAM 1929, CIAM II, Frankfurt, Germany. Work focused on housing and housing Ernst May minimum (Existenzminimum).
1930, CIAM III, Brussels, Belgium. On the rational development of space.
1933, CIAM IV, Athens, Greece. Publication of the Charter of Athens.
1937, CIAM V, Paris, France. About Housing and reconstruction.
1947, CIAM VI, Bridgwater, England. On the rebuilding of cities devastated by World War II.
1949, CIAM VII, Bergamo, Italy. About architecture as art.
1951, CIAM VIII, Hoddesdon, England. Over the heart of the city.
1953, CIAM IX, Aix-en-Provence, France. Publication of the Letter of room.
1956, CIAM X, Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. Habitat.
1959, CIAM XI, Otterlo, Netherlands. Dissolution of CIAM and Team X training

From the first meeting at the Castle Sarraz , came the statement Sarraz , true declaration that confirms the unity of perception of the fundamental concepts of European architecture and the obligations of professionals to society, based on the premise of functional architecture. The issues and debates arising from Sarraz The Congress and the manifestos of all the congresses deeply determined the architecture and construction of modern cities in Europe, and elsewhere.
The Athens Charter is a manifesto written in the IV urban International Congress Modern Architecture (CIAM) held aboard the Patris II in 1933 en route from Athens to Marseille Marseille (the conference had not been held in Moscow by Soviet organizers problems) being published in 1942 by Le Corbusier .
The Athens Charter commitment to a functional separation of places of residence, leisure and work calling into question the character and density of the traditional city. We proposed a new type of planning that must consider the city model from the four proposed functions: LIVING, WORKING , RECREATE and CIRCULAR. The city should streamline its land use according to the needs and functions of each establishment.
What arises here is the opposition between the traditional city , characterized by the mixture and differentiation of urban uses, and the modern, rational and functional which is governed by the fundamental principle zoning. These conceptions of urban modernism , proved disastrous for many cities as efforts were focused on solving the most basic functional problems, without having a coherent response of a forceful response to similar problems cultural, economic or social. However, these design premises remained the central concept of modern urbanism and thrust of modern urban planning.
In these conferences proposed a new method of comparative analysis of cities, through standards of presentation and similar elements for all countries, CIAM grid. These provisions had a great influence on the development of European cities after the Second World War. This new urban design did not materialize in any city because it could only be in new territory, where there is no old town with the exception of design Brasilia. But from this model arise renewal currents of the modern city, and end with the nineteenth-century dominance of the city. The text of the Charter of Athens is considered the foundation of modern architecture and / or international style . Moreover, the CIAM consolidate as disseminators of the ideas instruments of modern architecture and urbanism in the world, becoming the center of international dialogue between independent architects. The influence of the Athens Charter in urbanism today is undeniable and change the profile of many cities.
Members the CIAM traveled around the world after World War II. Many of his ideas spread beyond Europe, especially the U.S. . Unfortunately the implementation of many of its criteria were poorly executed, often because of the economic crisis, and also by not - understanding of the concepts of the architects.
The 2 Congress in 1929, was held in Frankfurt and had as its theme Existenzminimum . (The word translates as minimal space for existence)
The 3 Congress takes place in Brussels and its theme was the neighborhood housing, under the slogan National Allotment and was held in 1932.
In 1934, at 4 ° CIAM the theme was functional city. New postulates arises "a rational method" for cities was proposed functional city, where there is a clear zoning and the site subsequently rationalized in her group of four functions which are attributed to the quality of order cities. From here some idea of \u200b\u200bthe number of species necessary for any human activity, including scattering and rest.
According to this model of functional city:
1. must be habitable, housing design
2. should be a place of work: must place where everyone sits in the three sectors.
3. should be a playground , entertainment city, with some services.
4. city should be a quick and easy circulation.
The final document of the Fourth Congress contains the conclusions drawn later as doctrines of modern urbanism, some are mentioned below.
The landscaping discipline professional does not appear as a body with strength and is only mentioned, because to date landscape organizations were taking their first steps in Europe and America. If we analyze the problems arising from high density, the uncontrolled growth to outlying areas and environmental degradation emerged in urban centers, it is noteworthy that if one sees a clear environmental problem caused by the practice of creating new suburban developments and peripheral:
  • "The suburbs are arranged without any plan and without normal relationship with the city."
  • "The growth of the city gradually devouring the green surfaces, successive neighboring suburbs.
  • This increasing detachment from the natural elements in equal measure increases the disorder of hygiene. "
placement is proposed buildings green areas sparsely . Le Corbusier was the first proponent understanding that every neighborhood should have its park, the park each metropolitan city and region the natural park, that is, a city that will not break the natural unit.
Proposed uses for good urban practices, the hygiene of buildings, recreation and sports. In this sense, it recognizes the problem with the outside areas. Modern cities have sufficient free surface area, but they are located on the outskirts of towns or in the middle of a residential area particularly luxurious. It is proposed that:
  • "henceforth, any residential district must have the necessary green space for the sound management of sports and games for children, adolescents and adults."
  • "not enough to stabilize housing: we must create and order, also its extensions outside the premises of physical education and various sports grounds, pointing out in advance in the overall site that will be reserved for it."
  • "The high buildings, located far away from each other, they must release the ground in favor of large green areas."
  • "Volumes will be built to closely amalgamated green areas to be surround. Built-up areas and planted areas will be distributed given that mediate a reasonable time to go from one to another. Either way, the urban texture must change: the clusters tend to become green city. "
  • " The new green areas should be assigned to clearly defined purposes, must include playgrounds, schools, youth centers and community use buildings, linked closely to housing. "
  • " The unhealthy islands should be demolished and replaced by green areas, thereby surrounding neighborhoods sanitized result. "
  • "... preserve the natural beauty still intact, and also to repair the outrages that some of them have have suffered, and finally, human industry is to create places and landscapes as part of a program. "
The Modern Movement opens a new opportunity to translate their ideas into concrete reality, moving from theory to action. The difficulty was to pass the theoretical (abstract) to specific locations. The concrete is often against the abstract. The problem would tie these two approaches as antithetical acting in a specific reality.
What at first seemed a new concept of landscaped space for new towns, especially among residential buildings became a large green space between apartment blocks, in some cases "no man's land." That is degrades a broad field to show the architecture of international style buildings . These sets of buildings suffer from rapid degradation and become problematic ghettos, segregation was brought to these complexes. would be the new "slums" as its inhabitants suffer from social stigma and prejudice.
From the above perspective, is that you get today are made comparative analysis of concepts such as landscape, recreation and open spaces that are now "different", to which at the time was understood as such. give an example, to "loss of contact with nature in the big cities" is a surprising event, "the landscape of the core is essentially a civic landscape. It is a place where the city's civic expression finds its highest point. This landscape Civic is a product of man against a natural landscape, and in some cases, the natural elements - even trees - would be out of place "
These conferences sought a new order, a new way of thinking about life City, substantiate his claim was the humanization of urban life. By contrast, proliferated in many cities in Europe, Asia and America a poor and distorted version of the architecture and urbanism which marginalized in neutral buildings and landscapes "desert" to the disadvantaged population.

Note: This is a collection made for academic.